I. Process Efficiency and Waste Reduction

Cycle Time Reduction / Lead Time Optimization

• Identifying process bottlenecks
• Using time studies and process mapping
• Applying Lean tools (5 Whys, SMED, Kanban)
• KPI: reduction in process turnaround time

Value Stream Mapping (VSM)

• End-to-end process visualization
• Distinguishing value-added vs. non–value-added activities
• Developing future-state maps and implementation roadmaps

Throughput Improvement / Capacity Optimization

• Theory of Constraints (TOC) applications
• Balancing workload and improving flow
• Cycle efficiency and throughput yield analysis

Elimination of Non-Value-Added Activities (Waste Reduction)

• 8 Wastes (DOWNTIME framework)
• Process simplification and standardization
• Quick wins vs. long-term process redesign